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亚里士多德矛盾命题
这篇来自亚里士多德的《范畴篇》中的第六个文章,说的矛盾命题。关于事物做判断就会有肯定和否定两面,所以就会产生矛盾,这就是矛盾命题产生的原因。亚里士多德在这个问题上说的很简单,其实就是对主体做判断是客体产生的不同判断。原文如下:
一个肯定的命题是关于某一事物正面地断言了某些东西,一个否定命题是关于某一事物作了一种反面的断言。
既然人们能够肯定和否认某一存在的东西的存在,又能够肯定和否认某一不存在的东西的存在,并且既然这些同样的肯定和否定在现在以外的时间中的事物都可能作的,所以,也就也可能对任何肯定或否定提出的矛盾说法。因此,显然每一个肯定都有与之对立的否定,同样地,每一个否题的都有一个对立的肯定。
我们将称这样一对命题为一对矛盾命题。那些具有同一的主词和宾词的肯定命题和否定命题,就称为矛盾命题。主词的同一和宾词的同一,必须不是“同名异义的”。真的,除此之外,还有一定的限制,我们之作那些限制,乃是为以对付诡辩者的诡辩。
An affirmation is a positive assertion of something about something, a
denial a negative assertion.
Now it is possible both to affirm and to deny the presence of something
which is present or of something which is not, and since these same
affirmations and denials are possible with reference to those times which lie
outside the present, it would be possible to contradic t any affirmation or
denial. Thus it is plain that every affirmation has an opposite denial, and
similarly every denial an opposite affirmation.
We will call such a pair of propositions a pair of contradictories. Those
positive and negative propositions are said to be contradictory which have
the s ame subject and predicate. The identity of subject and of predicate must
not be ’equivocal’. Indeed there are definitive qualifications besides this,
which we mak e to meet the casuistries of sophists.
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